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In morphology, a bound morpheme is a morpheme that appears only as part of a larger word; a free morpheme or unbound morpheme is one that can be used stand alone or can appear with other lexemes. A bound morpheme is also known as a bound form, and similarly a free morpheme is a free form.〔Elson and Pickett, ''Beginning Morphology and Syntax'', SIL, 1968, ISBN 0-88312-925-6, p6: ''Morphemes which may occur alone are called free forms; morphemes which never occur alone are called bound forms.〕 Many roots are free morphemes, e.g., ''ship-'' in "shipment", while others are bound. Roots normally carry lexical meaning. Words like ''chairman'' that contain two free morphemes (''chair'' and ''man'') are referred to as compound words. Affixes are always bound in English, although languages such as Arabic have forms which sometimes affix to words and sometimes can stand alone. English language affixes are almost exclusively prefixes or suffixes. E.g., ''pre-'' in "prefix" and ''-ment'' in "shipment". Affixes may be inflectional, indicating how a certain word relates to other words in a larger phrase, or derivational, changing either the part of speech or the actual meaning of a word. Cranberry morphemes are a special form of bound morphemes where the bound morpheme does not have an independent meaning, only serving to distinguish one word from another, as in ''cranberry,'' where the free morpheme ''berry'' is preceded by the bound morpheme ''cran-,'' which does not have independent meaning. Words can be formed purely from bound morphemes, as in English ''permit,'' ultimately from Latin ''per'' "through" + ''mittō'' "I send", where ''per-'' and ''-mit'' are bound morphemes in English. However, these are often instead analyzed synchronically as simply a single morpheme. A similar example is given in Chinese, where most morphemes are monosyllabic and identified with a Chinese character due to the largely morphosyllabic script, but disyllabic words exist that cannot be analyzed into independent morphemes, such as 蝴蝶 ''húdié'' 'butterfly'. In this case the individual syllables and corresponding characters are only used in this word, and while they can be interpreted as bound morphemes 蝴 ''hú-'' and 蝶 ''-dié,'' this is more commonly considered a single disyllabic morpheme. See polysyllabic Chinese morphemes for further discussion. Linguists usually distinguish between productive and unproductive forms when speaking about morphemes. For example, the morpheme ''ten-'' in ''tenant'' was originally derived from the Latin word ''tenere'', "to hold", and the same basic meaning is seen in such words as "tenable" and "intention." But as ''ten-'' cannot be used in English to form new words, most linguists would not consider it to be a morpheme at all. ==See also== *Fixed expression *Fossil word *Unpaired word 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「bound morpheme」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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